2018 Scienceline Publication

Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism

Volume 8, Issue 3: 25-32; May 25, 2018

ISSN-2252-

0430

Women, Urban Designing and Planning with Emphasis

on Iran

Hoshang Sarvar1, Zahra Afzali Guroh2 and Toran Kheiri2

1PhD, Assistant professor of Geography and Urban Planning Department, University of Maragheh, Iran 2MSc student of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Maragheh, Iran

Corresponding author’s Email: h.sarvar1351@gmail.com

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ABSTRACT: It is necessary to clarify the status of women at the cities. Because women as a half of the city v

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population are one of the most effective group of city. Therefore in their view, a desired place happiness in the e

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environment of the city. Environment designing and planning can be considered as a kind of goal- oriented approach p

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for the promotion of women status at city environment. The purpose of the current study is to strong and weak point i

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opportunity and threats in the feminine city planning and designing. The current research method is a combination A

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of library and field method. In the library method, some of information about the status of women in the

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environment of city have been collected and by the use of surveying method and field studies have been done to 0

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clarify the existent points for development and improvement of planning. Then by the use of SWOT (strengths, E

weaknesses, opportunities, threats) modeling, it has addressed analyzing data. In order to define the weight of factors of SWOT, based on interview and filling out question nares some groups of women helped to do it, and in the following appropriate strategies were defined in four groups of SO, ST, WO, WT finally in order to choose of the best approach, the four point matrix (IE) was used. The results of the study showed that the diversity strategy (ST) is the most appropriate approach for development and promotion of city designing and planning that are good for women in the society.

Keywords: Planning, City Designing, Women, SWOT

INTRODUCTION

artificial environments of city which effectively

has a great impact in increasing social

Statement of problem

investment, quality improvement of social

The need for development and progress is

welfare.

an inner requirement for both man and woman.

Improvement and increase in citizen

Motivation for self- flourishing and individual

satisfaction and consequently improvement of

evolution and progress will be possible in a

social welfare. Without doubt, realization of a

good environment of meritocracy. With such an

justice city that is a significant outlook of a

approach, attention to the gender dimension has

good city rule in a new urban society which

been urban considered in urban design and

requires expert planning and careful pathology.

planning. Because most of experts who

With such a literature in this article focuses on

critically view today cities believe that cities are

the status of woman in management and

made by men and that requirements of civil life

planning of city and in addition to surveying

is ignored for woman. One of challenging

theoretical and practical dimensions of this

issues of theories and development programs is

matter, we pay attention to city condition and

the status of woman in designs and politics of

departments in social life. The important

the country. Nowadays with such a view the

question that comes out here is that how far do

need for revision in urban approaches and

the decision's and politics in designing and

politics has been considered with the goal of

urban planning pay attention to the benefits and

fundamental reform in gender inequality.

demands of woman?

That is, based on UN agenda, gender

development programs are based on gender

Literature review

realities (Longe, 1993: 26). Environmental

Ramon et al. (2004) in a research has been

design and programming can be considered as a

surveyed the role of urban planning in making

targeted approach to reduce crimes in in

contact between gender and local urban places

To cite this paper: Sarvar H, Afzali Guroh Z and Kheiri T (2018). Women, Urban Designing and Planning with Emphasis on Iran. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (3): 25-32.

www.ojceu.ir

25

in Barcelona of Spain. In this research it has

communication and urban mobility (like taxi

been basically tried to extract the important

and bus station).

parameters in the Field of gender planning of

Khalil Abad et al. (2013) in an article

urban places and finally using the above

names as "planning safe places of city based on

parameters, optimal planning will be done. The

gender segregation using CPTED approach,

result of research has shown that woman

case study: district of Farhangian in Bonab city"

because of being more vulnerable than men,

relying on descriptive- analytic method and

should be considered in urban planning

using documentary data and according to

Because wrong planning can avoid women who

CPTED approach in the form of SWOT table,

involve a great number of people in a city ,

concluded that Creation of active business ridge

from appropriate use of public places of that

and raising night economy, removing.

city.

Silent places should be provided on order

Dadvar and Afzali (2007) in an article

to promote the planning pattern of the city. In

titled as "role women in planning and city

this article by taking advantage of some results

design in Kerman " with the use of didactic

of previous research, it has been surveyed the

statistical analysis like Cramer coefficient and

status of women in urban planning and given

Alpha coefficient, concluded that there is a

right strategies for promoting city environments

direct relation between once education and

for women.

highlighting the role of women in urban

Woman and urban planning and design

planning and there is an inverse relation

City is a set of culture and a framework

between education and level of presence of

that has been formed due to its requirements,

women in defending sessions of architecture

activities and behavior of its resident. Human

and urban development, between age of women

beings behave according to their individual and

and with their participation in urban designing

group requirements and define their certain

projects, as well as between age of women with

behavioral pattern (Pakzad, 2005:1). The

their participation in development projects.

concept of citizen is an abstract concept for our

Sarayi and Ali Rezanjad (2007) in their

urban planning. And programmers have little

research with a sociological approach and

tangible imagination of a citizen and a citizen in

considering women as a significant part of

its best from is a young healthy man without

society that can have important role in social

any problem to communicate in the street. So

movements, have surveyed limiting factors of

all the city services are for providing his

women's presence in public arenas the results

individual needs and gender differences of

have shown that because of in appropriate

citizens have never been in the center of

design of public places and domination of

attention of programmers.

masculinity in Iran society, also low level of

Attention to the fine differences between

security urban environment, the presence of

men and women is apparent in any of the city

women in these places is so weak.

designs. According to this, since 1960, growth

Soltani et al. (2011) in a research titled as

of women movement and matter of relation

"urban planning in order to enhancing the

between city and gender was proposed. Women

Iranian – Islamic identity of women with the

increasingly find out that how city politics in

emphasis on the role of city quarters" with the

different fields of economical, social, cultural

method of content analysis. Concluded that,

and free time, housing, transportation, open

promoting current status is necessary in city

places, environment, safety and etc… can cause

structure by paying attention to native patterns

them to comfort. Hence, in city planning,

of this country. Also, creation of collaborative

attention to dispersion, distribution, location of

centers of women for activating physical

activities and services such as training, health,

environment of city, creation and reinforcement

cultural, economic and official centers are of

of neighborhood center system in providing city

great importance considering intervals, special

services and revival of public places, will be

connections, natural features and environmental

greatly effective.

potentials (Masavorhawer et al., 1994: 96). It

Shokouhi et al. (2013) in an article titled

seems that reaching more beautiful, healthier,

as "women participation in safety of public

more appropriate, kinder and safer cities require

places city of Saghez by urban participation

a revision in foundations of national politics of

model" through library studies and PUA

city with emphasis on the role of gender factors

Sessions by women and providing appropriate

and feminine values in housing, transportation,

strategies, using SWOT model, showed that

economic, social and cultural activity centers,

required strategies has been offered for

leisure spaces and tourism.

To cite this paper: Sarvar H, Afzali Guroh Z and Kheiri T (2018). Women, Urban Designing and Planning with Emphasis on Iran. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (3): 25-32.

www.ojceu.ir

26

separated from boys at the. Age of 9 and were

Grounds for Iranian urban woman

completely separated from them thereafter.

from a historical viewpoint

A review on itineraries show that the main

MATERIALS AND METHODS

position for Iranian urban woman, in the period

of Ghajar, was a special part, called inside,

The method of this research is, materials

almost all the itinerary writes and observers,

and documents, descriptive and library studies.

remember Iranian woman as someone who is

In order to clarify the explanation and

looking furtively behind the tall walls without

description of the research it has been tried to

any window to the outside. All of them agree

collect the related information in line with

that their house was divided into two part of

subject of the research by exploring in scientific

inside and outside and that women's name were

texts, articles, websites, magazines and etc.

never mentioned outside the house.

Then it identifies the positive point, weaknesses

It seems that tall colorful earthen walls

in planning related to women and chances and

that usually were remembered in introducing

threats. In a brainstorming session and an

Iranian house, are the main symbol of

interview with urban planning reporters

separation for whatever that is called in private

(experts), following the research based on their

and household arena with whatever that is

viewpoint it has been weighed to every factor in

outside the house. Even, Because of Women not

SWOT strategy and finally the big strategies

involving in social activities, Hasan Beigi refers

appropriate with planning has been defined for

to the lack of information about women's

this group.

clothing in in old Tehran (Hasan Beigi, 1987:

26-29). The presence of women outside home

Position and formation of feminine

was so limited and identifying such atmosphere

social relations in Iran

Surveying the places were urban woman

helps recognizing potential feminine arena

was allowed to be at and also by study the way

outside home.

of her communication

with the outside

Foreign observers suggest the image of

world, it can be said that, Iranian women of

secluded a creature from an Iranian woman,

Naseri period had a special zone that men were

Their reasons for this isolation is based on two

not allowed to enter at it. In addition that

point: her clothing 2) her absence in public

women themselves had no reach to places that

assemblies.

were dedicated for men. Reports also suggest

In reports of Karla Serna (1983), Lady

that in home parties and other circles. Gender

Shal (1989), Brogesh (1988) and etc. it has

separation was seriously observed, in a way that

referred to holy places and tombs out of city or

the relation of strange women was also

visiting relatives graves on Thursday evenings.

accelerated. Karla Serena (1983), in this case

Markets, public bathrooms and relative’s house.

says that: "There nothing called as home party

Public bathroom was a place for exchanging the

in Iran" (Serena, 1983: 117). Gander separation

latest news about the city and it has been called

was up to a point that the circles were formally

a place for "picnic" and a kind of "circle".

masculine. Although mother of shah had hold

These places were for the continuation of home

special celebrities called "feminine Islam",

arena (for playing the traditional role of

these celebrations were also ridiculed and never

Feminine) and were completely feminine and

been considered as serious.

practically most of women's time was spent in

Historical surveys show that Iranian urban

such places. However Karla sevena refers to

woman was allowed to be present at special

more low- class women of society washing

arenas that generally had feminine tissue.

clothes in the Allais.

Observations of foreign of men and women,

So, it seems that probably low-class

observed certain rules. Laydy Shal states:

women in order to do their daily duties and

"Before we went off the ship, I covered myself

every day riles, were seen more out behind the

in a thick chador (hijab) and I tried to imitate

tall walls of houses. But in this case should be

the local women. As I didn’t want to annoy

taken into account that they were seen near

Muslim people's emotion so I agreed on doing

their living places and with other women.

such a thing (Shal, 1989: 19).

Poolak (1989) also reports that whenever a

Whenever in the streets, hijab of a woman

family wished to, they sent their daughters to

goes away because of accident, men near her

schools. In those days schools they were

have to keep their eyes off from her until she

orders herself again. Even the old beggar

To cite this paper: Sarvar H, Afzali Guroh Z and Kheiri T (2018). Women, Urban Designing and Planning with Emphasis on Iran. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (3): 25-32.

www.ojceu.ir

27

woman is never seen without mark in the

streets. this triggers public curiosity and even

people sympathize with them. Just the face of a

chador- wearing woman is apparent that they

also cover it in front of strangers (Poolak, 1989:

157). With respect to the condition of society

among this period and had the assumption that

Iranian women were secluded ones.

The ambassador of Japan, in the period of

Nasser- Addin Shah states in his itinerary:

"women were wearing chador that had covered

them from top to bottom and only the eyes had

a view to outside from behind a lace mask

(Masaharo, 1998: 176). Apparently this

Figure 1.

isolation was even extreme when

communicating with men.

Urban planning for women in the

abroad

City programmers, have combined city

designing and gender mainstreaming for more

that two decades. So, before any research is

done, data are collected to estimate how

different groups of people use public places. In

1999, formal authorities of Vienna, Austria

asked the residents of a city how and how often

do they use public transportation. Orsoal Baer

one of authorities in this research states that:

"most of the filled out the questionnaire less

Figure 2.

than 5 minutes but women were continuing

writing them".

In order to making walking safer at nights

Men reported that two times a day, in the

for women, more lights were added and on the

mornings for going to the work and at night for

other hand sidewalks were made wider so that

coming back home. They used car or public

people could walk easily on tight allies. A big

transportation. However women for hundreds

staircase with a slop inside it was installed near

of reasons, use sidewalks, buses, metro lines

the big intersections of streets, so that crossing

and tramway they had written things like this:

facilitated for those a carriage or others that

some mornings I take children I help my

used will chairs. Vien has applied gender

mother in shopping and get back children to

mainstreaming in parts of city management

home by metro.

including health and education politics.

Women used more of public transportation

However nowhere was much effective than

than men and most of them used to walk. They

urban planning. More than 60 hundreds

also dedicated their time between work and

experimental project have been done so far. In

household commitments such as taking care of

increasing size of these projects, gender

children their old parents. Urban planning

mainstreaming has been turned into a

experts planned to promote sidewalk conditions

constraint, therefore to reform the city to its real

and facilitate public transportation availability

meaning, then, the organization of " green city"

(Figure 1).

soon started a set of experimental projects for

mainstreaming in urban planning. One of the

first projects that were designed for women and

by them in 21 region of the city.

The idea was to create a home that would

facilitate life for women (Figure 2). According

to this idea there are buildings that yard

surrounds them. There are circle and green parts

in the yard that allows parents and children

spend time outside home without going to some

To cite this paper: Sarvar H, Afzali Guroh Z and Kheiri T (2018). Women, Urban Designing and Planning with Emphasis on Iran. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (3): 25-32.

www.ojceu.ir

28

faraway places. These set of apartments consist

strategy that creates the best matching among

of kindergarten, drugstore and doctors Clinic. It

them. From this viewpoint, this model is an

is also near to public transportation and so

appropriate strategy that maximizes strengths

makes traveling to school and work place easy

and chances and minimizes weaknesses and

for women.

threats. In fact, the key point of this model is

The conference of "building safer places

the analysis of a range of all positional features

and women's safety in city" was hold in

of system and there for providing a useful

November 2005 in London. In this conference

framework for the selection of strategies

was also done on Vietnamese women that were

(Hekmatnia and Mousavi, 2006: 294). Based on

in the form of 3 workshop: 1) city designing

this in order to suggest good strategies,

workshop 2) methods of estimation and

planning stable and desired places of city is

evaluation workshop 3) priority practice and

considered as inevitable in a way that gender

practical designs was focused on matters like

differences are observed in it and help

availability, movement and active view and

recognize ingredients and elements to remove

other things that reduce the chance of criminal

weaknesses and threats and promote strengths

acts and introduced places that were successful

and chances. So in order to improve such

and were well- designed in appearance and had

places, first it takes into account the classifying

various motions.

of the most important inner strengths and

The workshop of method of evaluation

weaknesses and outer threats and chances.

showed that some matters should be taken into

As it is shown in table 1, in city planning's

account: empty stores, unnecessary staffs, lack

and designs, based on women's position,

of liable such as police and guard and weak

number of 11 strengths versus 11 outer chances

light have the most priority in weakening the

versus 9 outer threats has been recognized and

safety (report of conference of London 2005:

surveyed. In sum number of 22 strengths point

25).

and chances as advantage and number of 20

In recent years in Australia a new

weaknesses and threats as limitation,

movement of urbanism has been spread, the

confronting planning of desired places for

movement of "night economy" has had a great

women has been recognized. In addition

impact on different parts especially city centers

through questionnaire, general advantages and

and has certain meanings for women. At first it

limitations for prioritizing the options, has been

seems that women are fewer users, unless the

evaluated and completed by groups of urban

availability of transportation and station of

women. In the table below it is shown

transportation develop more. Design of garages

prioritizing and significance coefficient is given

considers security matters and design of big

and the rank and final marks of each strengths,

shopping centers and at night and this way, light

weaknesses, chances and threats are

and public transportation and its related

shown.rank1: critical weakness, rank 2: usual

services will develop. In addition it revivifies

weakness, rank 3: usual strength, rank 4: perfect

cultural and amusement programs such as

strength, As it is shown in table 1: factors such

events and street activities. Here more

as light facilities and light at night in public

combination for the use to such places should

places, public transportation, space for safe

take place. Renting places that are currently

crossing and walking, women active role in city

empty, If are temporarily used, many locations

architecture and urban development, higher

will be provided for cultural activities. The light

education chances for girls and Existence of

is designed in a way that it attracts more people

security measures such as locational positions

with its light spectrum so that more people

of stations., are the most important points that

come around city center. Decorative lamps for

are mentioned for desired planning and based

streets and building and the light coming out of

on women needs.

stores and other else help improved the safety

Zoning rules that have caused separation

(Hamedi & Naeemi, 2010: 16).

of users and accommodation in surroundings

and women and getting far away from city

Analysis of data by SWOT modeling

center, extreme separation of residential and

SWOT modeling is one of strategic tools

commercial areas, in a way that women's need

for matching inner strengths and weaknesses of

in balancing home and economical duties, have

system with weakness and threats of system or

been ignored. Unsafe places for women for

chances and threats of outer system. SWOT

example low class areas of the city, margins of

modeling gives a strategic analysis for

half- built buildings and silent allies, using

recognizing these factors and selection of the

To cite this paper: Sarvar H, Afzali Guroh Z and Kheiri T (2018). Women, Urban Designing and Planning with Emphasis on Iran. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (3): 25-32.

www.ojceu.ir

29

some features like garage, public toilets,

under passes) and narrow sidewalks and

Telephones and automatic cars that are

mentioned as the most weakness points in

considered as vulnerable factors, open spaces

planning and women points in points in

(parks and sides of city) and places (allies and

planning and women axis designing.

Table 1. The matrix of inner factors evaluation (IFE) designing and planning desired places for women S

t0.02

4

0.05

E

. xistence of light at night in public places

S1

r

e0.16

4

0.04

E

. xistence of special agency for women

S2

n0.16

4

0.04

Involvement & leadership of women in local politics

S3

g0.12

3

0.04

S

. afety of public parks that women experience fear in them

S4

t0.24

4

0.06

P

. ublic transportation and places for safe and effective walking

S5

h0.2

4

0.05

W

. omen's active role in city architecture urban development

S6

s0.2

4

0.05

I

. ncreasing higher education chances for girls

S7

0.12

3

0.04

Separated public places women, such as women's park

S8

(0.15

3

0.05

Existence of security measures such as location position of stations

S9

S

Security of women by some evaluations like special guards in required places like when

)

0.16

4

0.04

S10

women work late at night

0.12

3

0.04

Cultural amusement programs in city areas

S11

1.63

-

0.5

Sum

0.06

2

0.03

Absence of expertise in traveling to city areas

W2

Extreme separation of residential and commercial areas in a way that women's need are

0.1

2

0.05

W3

ignored in balancing household and economical duties

W

The possibility of hard entrance to special work of men, market and technical and

0.06

2

0.03

W4

ea

specialized exchanges, are some of these places

kn0.04

1

0.04

Fear of using garages of city and crossing sidewalks at nights

W5

ess0.04

1

0.04

Disability of viewing public places and public ways

W6

es

Unsafe places for women like low- class regions of the city, margins of half- built building (0.06

1

0.06

W7

and silent allies

W

Using features such as garage, public toilets, telephones and automatic machines that are

) 0.1

2

0.05

W8

considered as vulnerable factors

0.1

2

0.05

Open areas (parks and surrounding of the city) and sidewalks(allies and under passes)

W9

0.04

1

0.06

N

. arrow sidewalks and entrance to places that are banned by beggars

W10

0.06

2

0.03

P

. ositions without any owner and custodian

W11

0.72

-

0.5

Sum

2.35

-

1

Sum of weaknesses & strengths

Rank 1= serious threat; Rank 2= usual threat, Rank 3= usual chance, Rank 4= exceptional chance. Source: findings of research Table 2. Evaluation matrix of outer factors (EFE) - designing and planning desired places for women O

p

p

o

0.16

4

0.04

A

. ttempts for civilization and improvement of city places

O1

r0.24

4

0.06

U

. sers politics in sectional range

O2

t0.2

4

0.05

Good location choice for educational, cultural and amusement facilities

O3

u

New metro stations made of glass so that women can be seen inside and also they can see their 0.12

3

0.04

O4

n

s

. urrounding

0.12

3

0.04

I

. ncreasing economical movements and night activities

O5

i0.2

4

0.05

P

. romoting night transportation services

O6

s

Improving and promoting the quality of life and household matters of women though

t0.09

3

0.03

O7

p

. articipating in group and community places

s0.2

4

0.05

S

. ome roles of management with support of women assemblies

O8

(0.24

4

0.06

D

. edicating some roles of managements support of women assemblies

O9

O

0.16

4

0.04

R

. eorganization and planning environments in line with women's perception of danger

O10

)0.12

3

0.04

Acknowledgement and other signs and information's

O11

1.85

-

0.5

Sum

T

h

0.06

1

0.06

Fear as the factor of absence in public places

T2

r0.1

2

0.05

Women's vulnerability in silent and private places

T3

0.1

2

0.05

Areas in which the apartments are close shopping centers. These buildings are exposed to many T4

To cite this paper: Sarvar H, Afzali Guroh Z and Kheiri T (2018). Women, Urban Designing and Planning with Emphasis on Iran. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (3): 25-32.

www.ojceu.ir

30

da

. ngers, because they empty during the day & have the least natural care

Big shopping centers and places where have cinema bar and amphitheater have more problems 0.1

2

0.05

T5

than places that are located around the city

0.07

1

0.07

Some bothering's for women such as: scaring by cars, ridiculing and sexual abuse

T6

e

0.1

2

0.05

Social crimes in public places

T7

a

0.08

2

0.04

Focus on users land that create crime and bothering behavior

T8

t

0.06

1

0.06

Designing and planning body factors of city without considering gender observations

T9

s

0.74

-

0.5

Sum

2.59

-

1

Sum of chances and threats

Rank 1= serious threat; Rank 2= usual threat, Rank 3= usual chance, Rank 4= exceptional chance.

According to table 2, applying mixed users policy

public places, bothering women such as: scaring them by

in sectional range, good location of educational, cultural

car, ridiculing and sexual abuse, designing and planning

and amusement facilities, promoting night transportation

of the body factors of city without considering gender

services, dedicating some management roles with the

observations are mentioned as the most important threats

support of women assemblies, rearrangement of places,

in this field according to the obtained results based on

basic factors such as pruning the trees and recognizing

SWOT analysis, in order to promote the plans and

dark areas of the city. It have been the most important

designs of the city with respect to position and

chances in the field of planning for women. Extreme

conditions of women in cities the following strategies in

feeling of insecurity, fear as the factor of absence in

table 3 are given.

Table 3. Strategies of feminine programs and designs improvement

Threats (T)

Opportunists (O)

SWOT

ST

SO

gth

Diversity strategies

Offensive and competitive strategies

s (S)

 Reinforcement of alignment of city development programs with

 Reinforcement of investment for creation of places that

trenS

WT

WO

Defensive strategies

Reviewing strategies

)

 Using media and new information technology and attracting support of

 Following the cooperative programs in the environment

projects and programs that gender observation is considered in them.

 Rebuilding and reforming city areas and proceedings for

 Generation of cooperative assemble, of women in designing and

investigation of these areas.

esses (W

planning and introducing relative subjects with gender.

 Existence of a good security system for fast recognition of

eakn

 Promotion of cultural level and reinforcement of Islamic culture.

social crimes.

W

 Temporary use of empty places.

Source: findings of research

Four point inner and outer Matrix (IF)

IV

III

For analyzing the inner and outer factors at the

WT

ST

same time it is used of tool called inner and outer

Matrix. In order to from this Matrix, grades obtained

from evaluative matrixes of inner and outer factors

should be placed in vertical and horizontal dimensions of

this matrix, so that place of industry becomes clear and

Figure 3. Final grade of inner & outer factor evaluation

good strategies can be taken (Kurdaich and Azar Niakan,

matrix. Source: findings of the research, 2015

2009: 105). The matrix under the study here is of

checkered kind in checkered matrix, these grades are

defined in a spectrum of two parts including weak (1-

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.5) and strong (2.5-4). According to inner and outer

matrix, planning and feminine city development is

Study the way of women's presence during

placed in home III. Therefor diversity strategy should be

historical period in cities and by breaking down the

used for promotion and reformation program and city

traditional rules in modern world, in city programing,

2.5

designs.

attention to traditional values on one hand and

considering new needs of this group on the other hand,

4

Conce

n s

ce

are very important. In general very city development and

si

s on

n of f

II

I

in

i ne

n r

programming that consider women, will cause less

fact

f

o

act rs

WO

SO

crimes.

(2

( .3

. 5)

)

&

Some places, some times for certain gender create

&

Conce

n s

ce

feeling of fear and more commonly feeling of

si

s on

n of f

2.5

noncompliance. In this study that is in line with the

oute

t r

e

fact

f

o

act rs

analysis of urban women condition is done by marking

(2

( .5

. 9)

grounds for fulfilling the development strategies of

feminine programs, the inner factors (Strength and

To cite this paper: Sarvar H, Afzali Guroh Z and Kheiri T (2018). Women, Urban Designing and Planning with Emphasis on Iran. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 8 (3): 25-32.

www.ojceu.ir

31

weakness points) and outer factors (threats and chances)

All authors contributed equally to this work.

were recognized. Among strength points factors such as

light facilities at night in public places, public

Competing interests

transportation and place for safe and effective walking,

The authors declare that they have no competing

women's active role in architecture and city

interests.

development, increasing chances of higher education for

girls and existence of security measures, like the position

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www.ojceu.ir

33